The Nuclear Question Mark: Russia’s Energy Footprint and African Sovereignty

At a press conference on February 3, 2025, in Addis Ababa, Andrey Klimov, a key figure in Russian foreign policy, outlined Russia’s expanding role in Africa’s energy sector, particularly its nuclear initiatives. His remarks underscored Moscow’s strategic vision for the continent, highlighting the intersection of development, diplomacy, and competition.

Through state-owned nuclear giant Rosatom, Russia has signed high-profile agreements to build nuclear power plants, supply advanced technology, and train African personnel. These deals, framed as development partnerships, reinforce Moscow’s presence while challenging Western and Chinese influence.

H.E. Andrey Klimov at a Press Conference at the Russian Center for Science and Culture, Addis Ababa

For African nations facing energy shortages, Russian nuclear power promises reliable, affordable electricity to drive industrialization. However, critics warn of geopolitical strings attached, raising concerns about debt sustainability and dependence. Russia’s engagement in Africa’s energy sector, especially in nuclear power, illustrates a complex dynamic of opportunity and risk.

Moscow’s push into Africa’s energy landscape is both economic and strategic. With the continent’s fast-growing economies demanding cleaner and more sustainable power, Russia sees an opportunity to expand its influence. Nuclear energy has become a key pillar of its engagement, with Rosatom securing deals in Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa for power plants, research reactors, and training programs.

These agreements extend beyond infrastructure. They reflect Russia’s broader ambition to build long-term political and economic alliances. By offering end-to-end nuclear solutions, from uranium mining to waste management, Rosatom appeals to African nations lacking the resources and expertise to develop nuclear programs independently. Flexible financing models, such as build-own-operate and build-own-transfer, further enhance the appeal, making nuclear power accessible even to cash-strapped governments.

Atlas from 2023, prepared by European Parliament Research Services

However, Russia’s nuclear diplomacy is not without controversy. Some argue it mirrors “debt-trap diplomacy,” creating long-term dependencies. The high costs of nuclear projects, coupled with geopolitical implications, raise questions about sustainability and sovereignty. Environmental and safety risks also loom large, especially in politically unstable regions with weak regulatory oversight.

Despite these concerns, Russia’s ambitions in Africa continue unabated. The continent represents not just a market for nuclear technology but a stage for Moscow to assert global influence. In the growing geopolitical contest over Africa’s energy future, Russia is embedding itself as a major player, shaping the region’s development trajectory.

As Africa navigates its energy transition, these nuclear partnerships present both promise and peril. The challenge for African nations is to harness the benefits of nuclear power while safeguarding sovereignty and economic stability. For Russia, success depends on balancing ambition with responsibility, ensuring its role as a long-term partner rather than an opportunistic power.

Ultimately, Africa’s energy future must be shaped by African interests. Whether Russia’s nuclear diplomacy cements its status as a trusted ally or becomes a source of contention will depend on how these partnerships unfold in the years ahead.

By Samiya Mohammed,Horn Review, Researcher